I'd like to clarify something.
Atheists (I.E. you) believe that there is no God. In saying so, they believe that there is no Heaven or other form of afterlife.
This is an interesting statement. Ironically, I just commented on this at the end of the "Do You Believe in God" thread.
While I DO understand why a person wants there to be a god (actually, I want there to be a god who is really like a big brother), I don't find any reason why I can conclude that there is a god.
With this in mind, you mentioned that belief in god is connected to the afterlife. But how? How do we observe what the nature of the afterlife is? Why do we assume that god is involved in it? Or why do we believe that it even exists? Obviously, the fact the you (and me and all of us) are incapable of visualizing what it is to be nonexistant does not mean that it is not the ultimate fate of all living beings.
Here's why:
Late at night, I want you to think about what it would be like to NOT EXIST...forever.
I've thought about this MANY, MANY, MANY times, ever since I was a child. I often ask myself "How could I know I exist now, but then not know anything?" Ironically, this is the reality of existence. Can any of us define the point at which we came into
conscious existence? We can mention early memories, but admittedly these are vague and do not define when we first
KNEW that we existed.
Actually, I see it as being similar to conceptualizing the universe itself. Try to imagine infinity. Try to imagine that, outside of the universe, there is nothing. Or perhaps there are infinite other universes. Either way, it is not something that we can visualize.
Or try to imagine god. Try to imagine how god can be infinite, or how god can be all knowing. Try to imagine why god has desires, why god would wish to create anything. Try to imagine how you would feel if you were god and knew that there is no meaning to your existence outside of the meaning that you have created for yourself. How would that feel?
I cannot imagine any of these things. Obviously, our minds are not capable of VISUALIZING infinite life, space, time, or death. Unfortunately, belief in god does not eliminate this dilemma, since the existence of god would not necessitate the afterlife.
Edit:
The bible says that Jews are God's chosen people. Did they do something incorrectly after that to make a disconnection or would their beliefs be accepted by God?
That would depend on who you ask. Some Christians believe that the Jews are still god's chosen, but they are "backslidden". Some Christians believe that god removed this status of "chosen" after the jews as a nation rejected Jesus as the messiah. Of course, Orthodox Jews believe that they are the chosen ones.
Islam is best understood as being a competitor to Christianity. That is, both religions were solidified around the the same period in history. Christianity preceeding Islam as a general system of beliefs, but the modern new testament was not officially endorsed by the organized church until 397 AD. Both religions were solidified in terms of there respective canons within 160 years of each other.
Historical evidence indicates that Christian texts were not
attempted to be canonized until about 100 years after the time that Jesus would have been alive (based upon accounts from the New Testament). In fact, it took nearly 350 years before a bible comprised of the new and old testaments was created. Meanwhile, Muslim texts were standardized into their current form (the Qur'an) within 22 years of Muhammad's death.
The differences between these faiths are substantial. The canons of Islam and Christianity mutually exclude one another from a strict theological perspective. That is, Allah is NOT the same as God the Father. Obviously Jesus is not recognized as divine by Muslims, but it must be pointed out that there were also early Christians who did not believe that Jesus was divine either, and there was much debate about the
nature of christ for at least a century after Islam was founded. In fact, given the substantial lack of consensus amongst early Christians with regards to the authority of various religious texts, the nature of Christ, etc., one should not be surprised that Muslims have adopted a comparable perspective on Jesus' humanity as did the
Arians.
But it would be inappropriate to say that Christians, Muslims, and Jews pray to the same god except in the sense that, if there is only one god, than those who pray to god are attempting to contact the same being. It is the role of religion to define the nature of god (and of course religions declare that god has revealed his truth to them already). In this respect, it is clear that while there are very similar characteristics with respect the personality of god between these groups, there are also major differences with respect to what god requires of mankind. From a theological perspective, these religions may be seen as being related, but not interchangeable.